Cosmology and Astrophysics
Archive
In a recent and very interesting paper (Balkenhol et al., 2026), cosmologists have further refined the parameters of the early universe using the latest Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)…
When we talk about the absolute limits of the universe, a few familiar concepts immediately come to mind. We know the ultimate speed limit is that of light,…
For over a century, modern physics has relied on a specific view of the cosmos known as the “block universe”. In classical cosmology and General Relativity, spacetime is…
When we think of Planck units, like Planck length or Planck time, we usually think of the quantum realm i.e., the ultra-small where the smooth fabric of Einstein’s…
A simple, unadjusted calculation using the baseline Planck power yields a late-universe Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature of —which is about higher than expected. Why the discrepancy, and…
Mainstream cosmology treats the manifold as a passive backdrop with four dimensions: , , and for space, and for time. Time in this paradigm is considered a pre-existing…