Emergent Time Framework Papers

This page links to the Open Science Foundation repository where my pre-prints are hosted. Copies are also kept at rxiVerse (so Google can easily crawl them), which you can access through the authors’ page here. I also have copies held on Orcid (0009-0004-2439-3256) and am a member at Academia.edu.

Click on the paper image below to go to the OSF repository to retrieve a copy of the paper. Note that the OSF and rxiVerse have a cross-hosting agreement, so sometimes linking to the OSF DOI will take a visitor to the rxiVerse repository. Note the papers below are listed in date order, so the latest papers are at the bottom of the page.

Paper title: Energy Transformation and Emergent Time: A Tentative Framework to Unifying Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and General Relativity

Date Published: December 2025, updated January 9th, 2026

DOI: rxiVerse:2511.0036 (This is the rxiVerse repository with the date stamp.)

Keywords: General Relativity, MOND, Emergent Time, Time Field, Dark Matter, Dark
Energy, Gravity Waves, Inflation, Noether’s Theorem, Entropy, Cosmology

About this paper: I began writing this paper in March 2024 and completed it in November 2025, with the first draft published in December 2025. It is almost exclusively phenomenological and philosophical, laying the groundwork for interpreting the cosmos through the lens of energy transformation and emergent time. It introduces the idea of a time field and, whilst remaining fully within the purview of General Relativity, offers an alternative proposal for how gravity arises as a consequence of time field curvature. The paper provides a phenomenological explanation for how dark energy and dark matter may be different interpretations of the same underlying cause, which is identified as energy transformation across all scales. The appendices address the galaxy rotation anomaly and do a first-pass ansatz-level derivation of the cosmic-wide acceleration floor. The paper also draws a clear distinction between ‘nature’s time’ and the linear dimensional time, aka the block universe view, that humans experience. The paper explores the Arrow of Time and the extreme fine-tuning required during the inflationary epoch.

Paper title: Emergent Time Framework (ETF): Derivation of Kinematics and Global Properties from the Plank Power Energy Conversion Rate

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/PFN8H (OSF Repository)

Date Published: January 11th, 2026

Keywords: Planck Power, cosmic expansion, Hubble Constant, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, energy
transformation, gravity

About this paper: This short paper extracted the Planck power acceleration floor derivation from the earlier paper above it and shows how Planck power can account for both dark energy and dark matter – typically invoked to account for the galaxy rotation anomaly and weak-field lensing in galaxy clusters. At this stage, I had not formulated the idea of a 3D isotropic acceleration floor. That only came about when analysing the SPARC data while I was writing the paper below. This paper is superseded by “Derivation of the 2D and 3D Cosmic Acceleration Floors from Invariant Planck Power” below.

Paper title: A non-Dark Matter, Zero Free Parameter Solution to the Galaxy Radial Acceleration Relation

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/G7F6N (OSF Repository)

Date Published: April 9th 2026

KeyWords: galaxy rotation anomaly, metric stiffness, acceleration floor, Planck power, Hubble tension, Tully-Fisher Relation, MOND, dark matter, dark energy, halo-baryon conspiracy

About this paper: This paper uses the ETF fundamentals developed in the two papers above to explore the galaxy rotation anomaly without recourse to dark matter. It introduces the idea of inertial locking and inertial lock slip and, from Planck power, identifies the 3D isotropic acceleration floor $a_F$ and the $a_0$ floor, the latter which aligns closely with the empirical MOND value. However, in the ETF, both these acceleration thresholds are formulated from Planck power. A major breakthrough while writing this paper was the discovery of the 3D isotropic acceleration floor $a_F$ from the analysis of the SPARC dataset (this in turn allowed me to explain a range of unresolved tensions elsewhere in cosmology which are explored in the paper below). A new model for assessing galaxy types based upon their inertial locking or inertial slip behaviour is proposed. The paper proposes that when a galaxy nucleates out of the 3D isotropic background characterised by the $a_F$ acceleration floor into a 2D constrained planar structure like a galaxy characterised by the $a_0$ floor, the Hamiltonian is preserved and thus offers an alternative to dark matter. The paper includes the Python code used to generate the figures.

Paper title: Emergent Time Framework: Resolving the Dark Sector and Hubble Tension Through Planck Power

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/RCWJ3 (Project DOI OSF Repository)

Date Published: March 25th; updated April 10th

Key Words: Emergent Time Framework (ETF), metric stiffness, acceleration floor, Planck power, Hubble tension, JWST Impossible early galaxies, primordial lithium problem, galaxy rotation anomaly, kinematic lag

About this paper: This paper was originally part of the paper above; however, while working on the combined paper, further analysis of the inertial locking behaviour of ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxies revealed they were displaying a locking signature at $\sim 1.8 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m/s}^2$ .

This led to further work in which the 3D isotropic acceleration floor $a_F$ was derived from Planck power and this is detailed in Section 1 of this paper. This had important implications for some of the subjects addressed in the rest of the paper. It shows that the acceleration floor is linked to the Hubble constant and therefore changed over the course of the universe’s history. It then goes on to address how the 4 major crises facing cosmology today can be explained by the ETF: The Hubble tension, ‘impossible’ early galaxies, the lithium abundance problem, CMB smoothness, and how the extreme fine-tuning required in the inflationary epoch can be considerably relaxed. The paper also explores the Bullet and Coma clusters and shows how metric stiffness can be used to explain the observed dislocation between weak lensing and the matter. The Python code used to generate the figures is included as an appendix.

Paper Title: Implications of Planck Power and Topological Manifold Translation: A first Principles Derivation of the c.H0/6 Galactic Acceleration Floor

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SFYNX

Date Published: 1st June 2026

Key words: topological nucleation, Planck power, cosmic expansion, metric balancing, metric stiffness, anisotropic scalar

About this paper: This paper explains how $c.H_0/6$ and $c.H_0/2.pi$ are related. It shows that through the 3D isotropic to 2D anisotropic topological nucleation process, the Hamiltonian is conserved, and the energy in the 3D z-axis is transferred to the 2D $x y$ plane. The paper then examines some of the implications of the findings and the fact that $a_0$ and $a_F$ scale with the $H_(z)$ .

Paper Title: A Thermal and Kinematic History of the Cosmos Derived from the Planck Power Hamiltonian

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/WCYDQ

Date Published: 19th June 2026, updated to V2.0 23rd June 2026.

V1.0 of this paper had an error in the Planck power Hamiltonian derivation – that is now corrected. Some sections were also rewritten to improve clarity.

Key words: ADM formalism, Hamiltonian, Planck Power, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, JWST, CMB, Hubble constant, Hubble tension

About this paper: A baseline calculation of the late-universe CMB temperature yields a rough value of $2.9\text{ K}$ (approximately $6\%$ higher than observed). This paper uses a predictive analytical protocol to derive the exact empirical value of $2.725\text{ K}$ directly from the Planck power Hamiltonian using the Arnowitt–Deser–Misner (ADM) formalism. The analysis further yields a mid-redshift Hubble constant of $70.04\text{ km/s/Mpc}$ , matching the empirical NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) dataset. The framework subsequently resolves the primordial lithium problem by proposing that when the invariant Planck power is partitioned via the first-principles Hamiltonian derivation, the ( ${}^7\text{Li}$ ) production window is chronologically truncated by approximately $55\%$ while leaving all other aspects of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) fully honoured. Furthermore, the exceptional homogeneity of the CMB is proposed to be the natural result of a thermal-kinematic feedback mechanism during the early radiation-dominated cosmos, bypassing the requirement for an ad hoc inflationary epoch as proposed by Guth and Linde. Finally, the analysis provides a physical explanation for the ‘impossibly mature’ early galaxies imaged by the JWST.

Paper Title: Deriving Spacetime Metrics From the Principle of Energy-to-Geometry Translation Through an Active Metric Engine

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4XC3G

Date Published: 17 August 2026

Key words: emergent spacetime, quantum action, General Relativity, cosmic expansion, galaxy dynamics, dark energy, dark matter, black holes, singularity, Noether’s theorem

About this paper: This paper explores the idea that time, and hence geometry from dx = c.dt, arises at a fundamental quantum level through invariant action cycles in mass-bearing matter. It uses this basic concept to provide a mechanical explanation for inertial, gravitational and kinetic time dilation and why gravitational and inertial mass are equivalent. Using invariant action cycles as a basis, the paper explores the Lorentz factor and Schwarzschild metrics. The paper then goes on to apply the findings to a number of outstanding questions in cosmology and to address the paradox of singularities at the centre of black holes. Noether’s theorem and the paradox of general relativity not requiring energy conservation at a macro scale are also touched upon.

Paper Title: Derivation of the 2D and 3D Cosmic Acceleration Floors from Invariant Planck Power

DOI: https://osf.io/rt7sm

Date Published: 22 August 2026

Key words: Planck power, metric stiffness, MOND, Hubble constant

About this paper: In this paper, the core derivation of the 2D and 3D acceleration floors in the earlier paper “Deriving Spacetime Metrics From the Principle of Energy-to-Geometry Translation Through an Active Metric Engine” is extracted into a succinct 3-page document.

Paper Title: Galaxy Rotation Velocities Scale With Redshift: Evidence from Mass-Matched Early Universe Discs

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/KW3DE

Date Published: 08 September 2026 (Updated 28 September 2026)

Key words: Radial Acceleration Relation, Hubble, galaxy rotation velocity, Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation, Emergent Time Framework, metric stiffness, dark matter, emergent time

About this paper: This paper uses the ETF ‘extended’ Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation equation to predict that high redshift galaxies will have a higher rotation velocity and provides the associated equations and galaxy pair-matching requirements to test the prediction. This paper represents the first formal prediction of the Emergent Time Framework. There are few high redshift galaxies (2 off as of September 2026) that are accurately characterised for rotation velocity whilst accounting for all the confounding factors as detailed in the paper. However, as more data becomes available from JWST, ALAMA and other observation platforms, it is hoped a sufficiently large enough dataset will allow the prediction to be verified (or not).

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